-2-

Memorandum (cont'd.)

    5.  In the early seventies when I started to research Pearl
        Harbor and the role played by the Department of State's
        Division of Far Eastern Affairs, this last sentence gained
        great significance, especially as I read Mr. Grew's
        testimony when he appeared before several investigative
        bodies.  Navy and Army intelligence officers who, up to
        the end of the thirties, depended almost wholly on State
        Department briefings for their political intelligence
        regarding Japan, had "eyes only" access to "top secret"
        and "classified" despatches.  This meant they had to rely
        on their memories for reports to their superiors.  See
        Ex. 4, Lt. Comdr. McCollum's report to his superiors.  Note
        the significant words, places no credence.

           "The Division of Naval Intelligence[s] places no
            credence in these rumors."

        In the manner of the operation of bureaucracies, this
        particular intelligence report was passed up along the
        hierarchy to the Office of Naval Intelligence and
        subsequently to the Secretary of the Navy.  See Note at bottom of
                                                        page 3 here.
    6.  In the military all messages are called dispatches.  In
        the Department of State, at least at that time, a telegram
        was clearly identified at the top of the page with the
        words in bold letters, TELEGRAM RECEIVED and/or TELEGRAM
        SENT.  See Ex. 1.  In State, also at the time, diplomatic
        despatches (always and strictly with an e) generally came
        by diplomatic courier by air, or by ship if it was not an
        urgent message. A despatch  was always on legal size paper
        with its number and subject clearly stated at the top of
        the first page.  It is obvious that the exhibit Mr. Grew
        allowed his interrogators to refer to as a dispatch was not
        that.

    7.  At no time, when Ambassador Grew appeared before any of the
        investigative bodies which called on him to testify, did he
        reveal that there actually had been two messages, namely,
        a telegram and subsequently, a despatch.  The latter is
        customary and amplifies the information sent previously in
         telegram.  Of course, the fact that Mr. Grew, in his
        despatch gave Mr. Schreiber's intelligence information a
        "no credence" evaluation was critical.  It was to his
        advantage, therefore, not to clarify the fact that a differ-
        ence between these two messages insofar as State Department
        practice was concerned.  Luckily, having found a way_out
        of what might have been incriminating, not only for himself
        but as well for his colleagues in the State Department
        who had unquestioningly carried out his policy, Mr. Grew
        continued the charade throughout his testimony.